Hamlet’s 4th Soliloquy Analyze

Hamlet’s 4th soliloquy analyze â€Å"To be or not to be† can arguably be Shakespeare’s most recognizable quote in all of his work. Hamlet attempts to reason with himself on whether or not death is the only solution to end all life suffering portrays him as both confused and cowardly. In this monologue, Hamlet goes into a tough debate over whether he should end his own suffering by commit suicide, or to step it up and revenge for his father. This solilguy also shows the reader on how Hamlet deals with stress and the lost of love one. In conclusion, he decided to live and fulfill his promise. Indication from this monologue exposed Hamlet’s flaws for lacking of action, being hesitant, and unable to settle his mind. This help lay the foundation of Hamlet’s characteristic and his reasons behind his actions in the later part of the play. Like many Shakespeare’s writing, it is up to the reader to decide on the characteristic of Hamlet. Many may view â€Å"to be or not to be† as Hamlet’s suicide attempt, however, it really portrays Hamlet as a stressed out young man that can not deal with his surrounding. Hamlet position himself between the two extremes with life and death by questioning himself on â€Å"†Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them†. He asked himself if it is â€Å"nobler† to commit suicide, but quickly goes against his early statement by saying actions requires â€Å"arms against a sea of troubles†. This shows that Hamlet is puzzled with himself on whether he should end his â€Å"sea of troubles† by means of death, or to suffer through the pain of living. As Hamlet thinks towards death and ending all life stress, he quoted: â€Å"To die-to sleep, No more; and by a sleep to say we end The heart ache and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to :’to consummation devoutly to be wished. To die, to sleep; To sleep, perchance to dream†. Hamlet wishes if he was dead, he will no longer have to suffer through his â€Å"heart-ache† and â€Å"thousand natural shocks†. The monologue continues as Hamlet debate on his decisions. Finally, Hamlet points out the reason why he choice to live instead of death. He choice to live because â€Å"the dread of something after death, The undiscover'd country from whose bourn No traveller returns, puzzles the will†. In other words, Hamlet unwilling to commit suicide is because he does not know what lies after death and it was against his religious believe. Ironically, through out the soliloquy, the reader can conclude from Hamlet’s sorrow and depression that he himself knows his weakness in thinking too much on his revenge and yet Hamlet does not react or even tries to. It has been weeks before Hamlet’s promises towards his father on revenge to kill Cladius, but once again, we see Hamlet is confused as ever. He then quotes: â€Å"Thus conscience does make cowards of us all; And thus the native hue of resolution Is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought, And enterprises of great pith and moment With this regard their currents turn awry, And lose the name of action†. This further fortifies the above statement for stating himself for being cowardly and did not take action when he had the chance. It seems that Hamlet needs to list out every possible outcome of his action before processing it. Hamlet is helpless of his own lack of confidence and this will lead to his ultimate doom. This important soliloquy exposed the flaws of Hamlet’s character and it shows Hamlet’s self conflict and his possible solutions in taking action. This is the main point of the play as it signifies a development in Hamlet’s thought and his readiness in finally starting to act. It also shows Hamlet’s approach on the question of life and death and how he compares both of them by over examine each and every possible outcome. This soliloquy also shows Hamlet’s puzzlement, lack of action and his overall cowardly behavior. We knows that Hamlet’s unwilling to commit suicide is because he wants revenge, but the more important question is whether revenge is truly keeping him alive, or that he is just too cowardly to face the mystery after death.

Qatar’s Banking System

1. 0 Subject Area Strategic Management 2. 0 Project Proposal The paper will be an investigation of the major challenges that face Qatar’s banking sector. These problems will be analyzed and their possible solutions identified using strategic management theoretical framework. 3. 1 Background of Qatar’s Banking Sector Qatar’s banking sector has had great growth compared to that or the general Middle East region. Its stability guarded it form the global financial crisis that recently occurred. This is because of the close financial tiers that Qatar has with the Gulf region.However, the aftershocks of this phenomenon affected it to some extent (Kamrava, 2009, p. 411). Generally, Qatar’s banking sector was the most impressive Gulf Cooperation Council markets since the last quarter of the year 2008. Issues of declining customer confidence, liquidity and a coerced reluctance to lend have been the major challenges facing this sector (Qatar Development Bank, 2008, p. 12). Lending restrictions by the Qatar Central Bank, such as a loan-to-deposit ratio of 90 percent, contributes to deepening of these challenges.Islamic banking has been continuing to grow in this region in expense of the conventional banks which now view sharia-compliance as vital move to maintain their profitability. The government and Qatar Investment Authority have been trying to mitigate these problems to improve the overall performance (Qatar National Bank, 2009, p. 67). 3. 2 Aims of the study To identify and analyze the major challenges facing the banking sector of Qatar To determine the possible solutions to this problems using strategic management 3. Motivation for this subject area choice This topic is important for my future career prospects since I intend to invest in Qatar emerging market. I highly believe that the Qatar’s economy has unexploited potential in its banking sector. If exploited, this sector is capable of sending positive external benefits to the general economy increasing the viability of my investment prospects, due to financial availability amongst other efficiencies. 4. 0 Research Question 5. 3 What are the major challenges facing the banking sector of Qatar? . 4 Are these problems from within Qatar’s economy or from the regional / global economy? 5. 5 What are the possible solutions to this problems using strategic management? 5. 6 What are the impacts of solutions proposed to Qatar’s economy at large? 5. 0 Title Addressing challenges facing the banking sector in Qatar through strategic management 6. 0 Methodology The methodology employed for this paper will be both empirical and analytical in nature. In the analytical part, existing literature will be thoroughly scrutinized.After this, a comprehensive list of challenges of Qatar’s banking sector and their possible solutions will be compiled. The empirical part will involve collection of statistical data relating to the banking sector. This informat ion will then be analyzed by use of various statistical techniques. Type of data employed will include literature from other scholars, official statistics, industrial data and company data. This will be gathered from credible sources including libraries, databases, official guides, publications, and companies’ annual reports. . 0 Data collection methods They will include compilation of statistics, desk research, interviews, survey questionnaires and literature case studies. Secondary data will be highly employed since it is easily available and more detailed. Reference Kamrava, M. (2009), â€Å"Royal Factionalism and Political Liberalization in Qatar†, The Middle East Journal, Vol. 63, No. 3 pp. 401-420, Print. Qatar Development Bank, (2008), Annual Report, Print. Qatar National Bank, (2009, May), Qatar Economic Review, Print.

Analyse the cause and effects of the New Zealand Wars Essay

There have been many New Zealand Wars which have impacted the Maori. Throughout the history of New Zealand there have been several wars and all of them having different causes and effects. The Wars starting after the treaty, with wars like the Wairau incident, Kingitanga movement these wars have affected the Maori for a long time. The most important reason being the cause of the wars was the treaty and the different interpretations of the treaty being the Maori and English Versions of the Treaty where as there was a miscommunication that happened between the word ‘Kawanatanga’ and ‘Sovereignty’- an example being in Article One the Maori Version having: â€Å"Chiefs gave the queen ‘te Kawanatanga Katoa’ – the governance over the land.† And the English Version has: â€Å"Chiefs gave the queen ‘all rights and powers of sovereignty’ over the land.† This Miscommunication causing mass conflict between the Maori and English as they put faith in the treaty and were disappointed at the fact that the European Authority who ignored the conditions that both the Maori and English agreed on at the signing of the treaty. Conditions of Britain led to the Mass Migration and sky-rocket the demand for land by settlers as they were looking for a better life in a New World. The population in 1801 changed from 16 million to 26 million in 1841 as a wave of European settled in New Zealand. But the New Zealand Company overcame all of the barriers. Investors in the company were all promised 100 acres of farmland and one town acre; the 1,000 orders were taken within a month. To tackle the negatives of New Zealand were covered up by the company using pamphlets and broadsheets to promote the country of New Zealand ‘the Britain of the South’, a fertile land with a warm climate and free of activities of class war and starvation on the streets. The partially owned land made good by land purchases from Maori, one of which leading to the Wairau Incident in Marlborough. Gibbon Wakefield’s neat and fancy in it all plans didn’t work out as there was a lack of useable land. As an outcome of the New Zealand  Company’s policy the community of European people increased to 28,000. The New Zealand Company had established the outlines of immigration from Britain to New Zealand, setting in place the promotional pitch that were used by the region and in later years the government. Governor Grey attacked the British Colonial Office with proposals of a new plan that he thought would be appropriate for New Zealand’s situation. He established the principles that this vote should be extended that rapid colonisation combined with peace and prosperity would soon fuse the ‘two races into one nation’. The voting rights for the national government were property-based. Even with the qualifications required to be able to vote were put similarly low; it was very democratic at the time. While Maori owned land, it was owned collectively rather than individuals. The Maori charter was delayed by the court decision that communal ownership did not give the vote. The New Zealand Company’s Nelson settlement needed over 1000 allocations of 201 acres each, which had to be ‘fertile, productive land’. Over 200,000 acres were required, of which was almost a tenth of the ‘Native Tenths Reserves’. But there wasn’t enough suitable land, early 1843 company were sent to the unpurchased Wairau lands. Ngati Toa chiefs immediately asked that their land not be apart in the company’s ‘purchases’. After months of protests, the Ngati Toa chiefs evicted the surveyors and burnt down their shelters. Police Magistrate Henry Thompson responded to this by arming a militia in an attempt to arrest the chiefs at Wairau. On June 17 the whole situation fell apart as the confrontation ended in 20 Europeans and 4 Maori were killed.

ISSUES IN PROFESSIONAL NURSING PRACTICE Assignment

ISSUES IN PROFESSIONAL NURSING PRACTICE - Assignment Example The achievement of professional nurse autonomy is one of the major milestones that had influenced the development of nursing profession and practice. Holland (1999) defines professional nurse autonomy as the nurse perceived latitude or willingness to act as a responsible professional, independent from medical profession but interdependent to allied-health professions (p. 311). The traditional view of professional autonomy differs among gender. It had been evident during the time of Nightingale and the Crimean War where medical professionals rejected at first the offer of Florence Nightingale to help because of gender and professional prejudices. Male has been viewed as the dominant gender and doctors were superior to the nurses, limiting suggestions and decisions made by a nurse. Physicians viewed that collaborative care was only between physicians and clients and nurses are treated like servantsthan a powerful healer. But urgency of the circumstances had led the physician to accept the help of Florence Nightingale and 38 other nurses. Through Nightingale’s help, it was not only professional recognition of female nurses that has been achieved but the formal nursing education programs, reorganization, and advancement of professional nursing (Cherry & Jacob, 2011, 10). In addition, nurses were often oppressed and salaries were not sufficient during t he 1970s thus, nurses strive for economic stability and to the methods and ideals of science to gain professional recognition, equality, status, and rightful acceptance not only from the medical professions but also from the general public. Nursing has evolved from an indistinct, gender-biased, and physician-dependent profession to a notable field with independent nurse practitioners, both male and female in the health care arena. The struggles made by Nightingale addressed the need for nursing to be established as a profession, free from gender discrimination and separate

Patient-centric healthcare Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Patient-centric healthcare - Coursework Example e has become of great help to most people since people can choose to receive medical help even outside hospital; for instance for outpatient services. However, patient-centric healthcare may not be supported by all healthcare organizations hence the need for public awareness whereby the public is reminded of the need to decide their healthcare services. The clinical decision support system (CDSS) as explained by Rick Mansour and Martha Thorne in another Case Study is most essential in the patient-centric healthcare (Mansour & Thorne, 2014). This is because it is a strategy that upgrades the quality of services offered to the patient’s right from diagnosis to prescription. The system accomplishes its tasks through collection of data from various hospital departments and also analysing the satisfaction of the patient with the services offered. Therefore the CDSS is very important in ensuring that all patients are attended to in the best way possible and given the best healthcare ever. The CDSS has also helped hospitals to make meaningful conclusions on the various kinds of data it collects. The data can be narrowed down into reports which will be later used to provide the best guidelines of handling specific conditions in the report e.g. a report written about asthma will indicate the successes and failures encountered when handling the condition and the various reactions to treatment by patients. Some countries e.g. the United States have created a forum whereby the data is exchanged through various healthcare centres for better services and also for brainstorming purposes (Wilkerson, Henricks, Castellani, Whitsitt, & Sinard, 2015). However CDSS has a task of collecting only viable and useful data and this involves very sophisticated techniques. The data should be highly filtered and gotten from various sources so that irrelevant data is avoided hence it is a very tedious activity and it also involves high risks. Another negative effect of CDSS can be the

Assessment For The Financial Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Assessment For The Financial Accounting - Essay Example Info: EasyJet Plc along with its subsidiaries ‘EasyJet Airline Company Limited' and ‘EasyJet Switzerland', is the second largest low-cost carrier within all of Europe. Formed only in 1995, that makes it much younger than most of its direct competitors; yet the company has been able to make a great name for itself in a very short duration of time (EasyJet Plc, 2010). Following are some achievements of the company (EasyJet Plc., 2011): Info: EasyJet Plc along with its subsidiaries ‘EasyJet Airline Company Limited' and ‘EasyJet Switzerland', is the second largest low-cost carrier within all of Europe. Formed only in 1995, that makes it much younger than most of its direct competitors, yet the company has been able to make a great name for itself in a very short duration of time. Following are some achievements of the company (EasyJet Plc., 2011):   48.8 million passengers flew by EasyJet in 2010 (out of 56 million flight seats).   The fleet of 196 aircraft   509 routes   Was amongst the very first companies to start e-commerce, they started selling online seats in 1997. As of today, easyjet.com remains "UK's most visited airline website".   Gargantuan revenues worth  £ 2,973.10 million. (Moneycentral; Thomson Reuters, 2011)The aforementioned figures are absolutely remarkable, especially considering the fact that this was a very bad year for airline carriers to the UK as the Eyjafjalla volcano in Iceland erupted and many flights were canceled during April-May (2010);... mpany Backgrounds EasyJet plc Company 1: EasyJet Plc Industry: Airline Info: EasyJet Plc along with its subsidiaries ‘EasyJet Airline Company Limited’ and ‘EasyJet Switzerland’, is the second largest low cost carrier within all of Europe. Formed only in 1995, that makes it much younger than most of its direct competitors; yet the company has been able to make a great name for itself in a very short duration of time (EasyJet Plc, 2010). Following are some achievements of the company (EasyJet Plc., 2011): 48.8 million passengers flew by EasyJet in 2010 (out of 56 million flight seats). Fleet of 196 aircrafts 509 routes Was amongst the very first companies to start e-commerce, they started selling online seats in 1997. As of today, easyjet.com remains â€Å"UKs most visited airline website† (EasyJet Plc., 2011, pp.6-8). Gargantuan revenues worth ? 2,973.10 million. (Moneycentral; Thomson Reuters, 2011) The aforementioned figures are absolutely remarkable , especially considering the fact that this was a very bad year for airline carriers within UK as the Eyjafjalla volcano of Iceland erupted and many flights were cancelled during April-May (2010); EasyJet executives place the estimate of damage and loss to be around ? 30 million. And then there was the air traffic control strike, which significantly affected the profits by increasing the overheads and costs. (EasyJet Plc., 2011, p.17) And even after such incidents, EasyJet managed to bring about an increase in its YoY net and gross profits, whilst increasing the revenues slightly. Tullow Oil Plc Company 2: Tullow Oil Plc Industry: Oil or Gas Exploration / Production Info: For a company with such a humble beginning, the progress that Tullow Oil has made from its inception in 1985 is nothing short of a miracle.

Management International and Comparative HRM Essay

Management International and Comparative HRM - Essay Example Globalization widens the gap between rich and poor. The implications of globalization are required to be incorporated by the governments in its policies and the companies are required to cope with it in order to survive in the industry. The public in many countries become anxious as it may affect the culture and values negatively or it may displace jobs. There are both losers and gainers in the process of globalization. There is a fear regarding globalization that it may widen the gulf between have and have not’s, strong and weak, traditional and modern (Poole, 1999, p.75). In one side, it enrich the people or countries to take the advantage or lead the process while on the other side, it will leave behind many others who will be worse or marginalized. The cultural and economic globalization is growing through many countries. The persistence of poverty, growing inequities among and within countries and the link between phenomenon’s is very strong. The external envir onment has been more significant in influencing the level of available resources and the way they are used. The thesis of strong globalization argues that the growing pervasiveness of multinational enterprises is creating a borderless world where the economic and political interventions undertaken by nation states are becoming increasingly meaningless (Briscoe, Schuler and Tarique, 2012, pp.56-57). In other words, the public policies implemented by national legislatures for regulating the activities of multinational companies are increasingly becoming ineffective. Globalization need not necessarily be bad. But it can have more negative effects on the countries that are not prepared to adapt globalization. There has been a return to... This paper stresses that the success of international human resource management in future depends on the ability of companies in developing the executives of international human resource with a broad global perspective having a global mindset, strong strategic and technical business skills and international experience. The function of international human resource management is faced with many challenges in the hyper-competitive and chaotic global market place of today. The multinational enterprises are required to confront with these issues now and in future. The vocational training is not offered there in companies and there exist few relations of union. The market is mainly based on competition. Germany has a typical structure of governance which is based on the insider forms like bank loans. There, the relations of employee are assumed for longer term and in the training process of companies, vocational training is normally offered. The market is based mainly on collaborative netw orks. The trade unions commonly exist in industry. This report makes a conclusion that the international human resource departments are required to provide and develop the support services at international level. The continuing globalization or internationalization of human resource management parallels the continuing globalization or internationalization of business. The firms are required to make its development and increase the professionalization of international human resource management to be called global human resource management.

Marketing Management Outline Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing Management - Outline Example It is highly essential to understand the needs and the preferences of the customers and this is done by integrating brand strategies. Having a strong brand is invaluable since it is a promise to the customer and today branding has become a foundation for every company in marketing communication. (Kashani & Turpin 1999). Reasons why companies develop their core products into brands 1. Memorability – a brand name serves as a source of reputation for the company and besides an effective company name it also helps in reinforcing the identity to the customers which further makes them do more business with the company. It comes with a distinctive behavior or a unique color combination. 2. Loyalty – customers are more likely to purchase a brand with which they have positive association and experiences and the customers who are bonded with a brand also purchase other items sold by the same brand. 3. Familiarity – branding also has an impact on the people who are not the customers of the company and familiarity induces liking because of which people often recommend a brand to other people also. 4. Premium price and age - instead of dealing with price-shoppers, there are always buyers available who are willing to pay more for a brand compared to its competitors. 5. Extensions – a brand name which is well known amongst the people can also be used to sell new products. 6. Equity of the company rises – a company that sells branded products is sold at a higher price than the other companies that sell non-branded products and services. 7. Marketing expenses are low – money is always required to create a brand but once it is created, marketing expenses eventually reduce. 8. Lower risk for consumers – people often choose a branded product over a non-branded product when making a purchase decision. Brand valuation methods A number of brand valuation methods are used by the companies and every method has its own advantages and disa dvantages. Some of the main brand valuation methods are mentioned below. Income based brand valuation methods 1. Relief from royalty method – this method is based on the amount the owner would have to pay in order to get the brand licensed by a third party. In order to capitalize the future branded cash flows, discounted cash flow analysis is used. 2. Excess-earnings method:Â  earnings above profit are calculated to attract investors on the basis of the value of the assets while the excess amount is attributed towards the brand. 3. Price premium method:Â  this method of brand valuation

Project Motorcycles Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Project Motorcycles - Assignment Example Before starting the production process of the new touring class motorcycle, the company should conduct proper market research, mainly primary research. For this purpose they need to study the market for indentifying the target segment of the available products of the competitors. This will help them to identify whether any existing category of motorcycles is available in the market that satisfy the same need of the customer what they are thinking to offer. Therefore, by conducting effective market the management of the company can easily understand the feasibility and possible demand of this touring motorcycle. Again they can identify a competency which they can use as effective promotional tool. Next step of the new development process is development and implementation of efficient project management strategy. The management of the company should employ an efficient and experienced project manager for this new product development process. The roles and responsibility of the project is very crucial for overall success of this kind of bid project.First of all the project manager needs to identify the suppliers of major raw material and accessories. They also need to engage efficient suppliers for the high power or higher CC engine if they decide not to manufacture the engine. There are many automobile companies that outsource the manufacturing of main part of car or motorcycle i.e. engine and use those in their own products by tagging their own brand name. Next important step of the process is getting skilled labor especially for the technical works in the manufacturing process. Employees with different technical skills are required for the whole process staring from manufacturing of each of the body part of the motorcycle to assembling the motorcycles. Though, now a day, the automated assembling processes have been used but to run that advanced system, skilled labor are required. According to the case the organization is a new quite new in this industry and it is a mid size company. Therefore, the management needs to develop cost effective budget for this project. According to the budget the project management team needs to focus on comparatively low cost manufacturing of these motorcycles. For this purpose they need to engage suppliers of raw materials with low barraging power. Again, as this segment is for touring purposes, so stability of engine as

Disparity Analysis Chart Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Disparity Analysis Chart - Case Study Example While it might be considered accurate and safe, it is a surgical procedure like any other surgery, places the patient at risk of experiencing morbidities or in other cases mortality (Bruenin & Schoelles, 2009). On the other hand, the process of removal of small samples of breast tissue through insertion of the skin by use of a hollow core needle is known as a core needle biopsy. The suspicious lesion is located by either imaging or palpation. The process is performed under local anesthesia. Multiple samples from the suspected area are taken for tests. The primary goal is to determine whether abnormality is malignant or benign. If the procedure suggests the lesion is malignant, then a follow-on surgical procedure is done (Bruenin & Schoelles, 2009). The comparison is shown in the chart below. Open surgical biopsies are more accurate while core –needle biopsies are associated with lower incidences of morbidity and harms. Women who are diagnosed with cancer by open biopsy undergo more treatment than those diagnosed by core-needle biopsy. Women diagnosed with breast cancer via open surgical biopsy often required multiple (surgeries) surgical procedures to treat the cancer while those diagnosed through core-needle biopsy would have the cancer treated by a single surgical procedure. Open surgical procedures have a high risk of complications than core needle biopsies. Automated gun core-needle biopsies procedures are associated with slightly less severe bleeding events than those by vacuum assisted procedures. Core –needle biopsy is cheaper and consumes fewer resources than open surgical biopsy hence is preferred mostly by patients. Women were also satisfied with core-needle cosmetic results procedures. In both groups, when women undergo the biopsy procedures and lead to positive findings, they often choose to undergo additional surgical procedures or undergo a single procedure that will ensure the removal of the entire lesion. On the other

Operation Iraqi Freedom Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Operation Iraqi Freedom - Research Proposal Example The Operation Iraqi Freedom is also called the Second Gulf War or the War in Iraq. It is a military operation that is still on and began in March 2003. The military comprises mainly the US and UK troops and backed in smaller proportions by troops from Denmark, Australia, Poland and a few other countries. This operation was publicly supported by all the Arab nations. However, NATO did not publicly support this invasion and the Eastern European nations were willing to support the operation. Earlier before this operation, Iraq was believed to possess weapons of mass destruction (WMD). The WMD present a threat to the national security of Western countries. UK totally supported this assessment while France, Russia and Germany did not. The United Nations inspector of weapons however did not find any evidence of WMD. This raised the support to earlier criticisms about this war. After this invasion, the Iraq Survey Group made a conclusion that Iraq stopped its WMD projects in 1991 and did no t have WMD programs at that moment but intended to resume the programs once Iraq sanctions were lifted. The US also claimed that Iraq supported financially the families of suicide bombers in Palestine. More accusations included abuse of human rights by the government and lack of democracy in Iraq. The Iraqi military was defeated and Saddam Hussein executed. The US led coalition tried to install a new democratic government. This caused violence against the coalition forces. Many Iraqis lost their lives and millions sought refuge. The failure Iraqi reconstruction is viewed by many as having failed. The lucrative contracts have failed to show any signs of improving the country's infrastructure. Contracts for rebuilding the Iraqi infrastructure were given without competitive bidding. These contract awarding was the responsibility of the US Agency for International Development. Mistakes were committed just after the Iraqi invasion. Four years after the Iraqi military campaign about 21 billion dollars were used. However, Iraq now produces less oil and electricity than it was before the war. The plan to reconstruct the country was a poor one. Plenty of scandals erupted after the war. Reconstruction contracts were given out without any competition. Beneficiaries of these contracts include Kellogg Brown and Root and Bechtel. Both companies are closely linked to the Bush Administration. It is a great scandal that even the humble infrastructure before the war was not saved and the reconstruction's planning was very poor. Output from the money spent on rebuilding is just a fraction of what the Iraqis expected. The original plan the largest portion of the money, 5.56 billion dollars, was to improve electricity production. It would upgrade power stations, transmitting of power and distributing. That was reduced to 4.24 billion dollars. Oil projects had their 1.89 billion dollars reduced to

Time - Future Essay Example for Free

Time Future Essay To many people time just means clock, something that gives them a measurement of the day, or something that determines how old they are. However, ones can say that there is no time, and every day is same and there is no tomorrow or yesterday. Future and past are something internal that human being believed in, and is not necessary true, but when thinking about it without time life wouldn’t be important anymore. Basically, in today’s life everything works upon time. If there was not time or nothing to measure a day, month or a year, everything will be disorganized. I think time would be more internally than external. It’s something inside an individual which helps him to move on, or something that makes an individual to think he/she is moving forward. One of the earliest devices to measure time was sundial which used suns motion as a standard of measurement for time. The use of units like seconds and minutes which are radial angle measurements in geometry points toward the original connection of time measurements to radial motion of astronomical objects across the sky. Once we started using accurate time keeping watches, clocks and digital devices capable of measuring time independent of the celestial connection time developed a life of its own. We perceive time as past present and future. We relate events to places as well as time; this gives us a feeling that time is more like a place and gives support to the block universe view of time. Present is the most real perception of time however almost all of what we perceive as the present is already past. The present is a fleeting moment; whatever is happening now (present) is confined to an infinitesimally narrow point on the time line which is being encroached upon by what we think of as the past and the future. It may be the mental awareness of recording of memory as it is being inscribed into our brain. A person who goes to an event but falls asleep would have no recollection of it as if the event did not exist in his past. Unless we are consciously aware of an event it does not seem to enter our past memory.

Relationship Between Teacher And Students

Relationship Between Teacher And Students Similarly according to Moloi et al. (as cited in Mtika Gates, 2010), group work is one of the strategies that can be useful in student-centered approaches. It does not only help students to discuss and share ideas with each other, but it also helps to improve students understanding of some concepts and develop their communication skills. In the student-centered classroom, the teacher has to think of students needs and the classroom is considered as a place where students work together, in groups and as individuals by encouraging them to take part in the learning process all the time (Jones, 2007). In the student-centered classroom, the teacher should know about their students background. Teachers should consider what they may know or do not know about their students because it helps to create the classroom conditions that are responsive to the learning needs of the students (Hodson, 2002). Furthermore, in social constructivist classrooms the relationship between teacher and students are much more dynamically involved, so that the teachers role is much more demanding to allow and actively promote recognition, evaluation, and reconstruction (Gunstone and Northfield as cited in Hand et al., 1997).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The size for effective student-centered classrooms can be organized into large group (class with 25-30 students), medium size (5-8 students), small group (3-5 students), pair group (2 students) and a teacher and a student (only in special condition) (MoEYS, 2002a). Furthermore, classroom arrangements, especially classroom space and resources like chairs and tables for large group activities are also important because appropriate resources helps to support the effectiveness and efficiency of instruction to the students. 2. 4 Definition of the Student-Centered Approaches to Learning   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The terms student-centered approaches  and learner-centered approaches  to learning are the same and whilst some articles used the term student-centered approaches and other articles used the term learner-centered approaches, the two terms were used interchangeably. Both terms focus on the needs of students who as learners are actively involved in the learning process (Utecht, 2003). The term student-centered approaches is used in this study because this term is formally applied in Cambodian curriculum and ministry educational literature. Moreover, the student-centered approaches are broader for example, a student can be defined as learner, but a learner may not be defined as student. For example, a man wants to know about the educational law in Cambodia, so the man can go to library or search in the MoEYS website to read and learn about the law. The man therefore is not a student, but he is a learner.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The student-centered approaches to learning are defined as teaching methodologies associated with an approach to learning where students are the main characters in the learning process, and actively learn in a socially interactive way (Brush Saye, 2000). The student-centered approaches are designed to assist students to learn best from meaningful life experiences, social interactions, and scientific experimentation (Pedersen Liu, 2003).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The student-centered approaches to learning focus on individual students needs and growth, because these approaches are intended to develop the potential of every individual student and encourage their personal growth and interests (Morris, 1996). The student-centered approaches are also considered effective alternatives to the traditional teacher-centered approaches. Similarly according to Courtney (2008), it looks very different from the traditional didactic teaching methods that are widely applied in Cambodia. These traditional teaching methods depend on the direct instruction of the teacher and verbal and written repetition with little emphasis on understanding but strong emphasis on memory and recall. Kember (as cited in ONeill McMahon, 2005) and Hirumi (2002) stated the student-centered approaches are in contrast to the traditional teacher-centered approaches. In the teacher-centered approaches, teachers are at the center of the learning and teaching p rocess and provide instruction to students; the students are the empty vessels into which the teacher pours their knowledge. This view contrasts sharply to that of constructivist theory where we see that students are central to the learning process, they are not viewed as empty vessels but rather actively participate in making knowledge by thinking and solving problems for themselves, and developing their self-esteem that is essential for learning and decision-making throughout life (American Psychological Association, 1993; Hirumi, 2002; MoEYS, 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The core principle of the student-centered learning approaches is that students have different abilities, needs, and interests for how they learn, and they construct knowledge and meaning and learn in different ways (Brady, 2006; Murdoch Wilson, 2008; Hirumi, 2002). The American Psychological Association (1993) stated that students have various capabilities and interests for learning. Individuals are born with and develop unique capabilities and talents and have acquired through learning and social acculturation different preferences for how they like to learn and the pace at which they learn (American Psychological Association, 1993, p. 9). According to Meyer Jones (as cited in Hirumi, 2002), in the class students talk, listen, write, read, and reflect on content, ideas, issues, and concerns in order to construct their own meaning. In student-centered environments, learners are given direct access to the knowledge-base and work individually and in small gr oups to solve authentic problems (Hirumi, 2002, p. 506). Similarly, according to Jones (2007), a student-centered class is a place where students needs are considered, as a group and as individuals, and students are encouraged to participate in the learning process all the time. At different times, students may work alone, in pairs, or in groups.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a theory of epistemology, constructivism proposes that students bring their existing experiences and beliefs, as well as world views and their cultural histories, into the learning process when they internally build knowledge by interacting with the environment (Yilmaz, 2008). Constructivism is considered as a process that students actively construct their knowledge upon knowledge that they already have (Motschnig-Pitrik Holzinger, 2002). Social constructivist, Vygotsky believed that learning is a social process in which learners developed understanding through interaction with the environment around them (Brush Saye, 2000, p. 5). According to Jonassen; Duffy Jonassen (as cited in Brush Saye, 2000), the need for more student-centered learning activities have been promoted by the supporters of the constructivist epistemology of learning.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In short, the key characteristics of the student-centered approaches to learning emphasize students  prior knowledge and experience, developing Bloom Taxonomy thinking skills, especially critical thinking and problem solving, exploring individual learning needs and interests, promoting active student involvement, and developing motivation for life-long learning (American Psychological Association, 1993; Brush Saye, 2000; Hirumi, 2002; Mtika Gates, 2010). However, there is no single strategy that helps students to have effective learning all the time and there is no teaching strategy that is better than others in every circumstance. Each teaching strategy has its strength and weakness, so teachers need to make decisions and chose teaching strategies that help their students to achieve the learning outcomes (Killen, 2003). Similarly according to Hab Em (2003), to choose and effectively apply a teaching strategy the teacher has to judge many times because s electing an appropriate teaching strategy is based on the decision whether we provide knowledge to students through direct instruction (teacher-centered approaches) or indirect facilitation (student-centered approaches). 2. 5 Student-Centered Learning as Adopted by the Cambodian Ministry of Education   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2.5.1 Vision of learning and teaching   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Learning has many styles such as learning by seeing, listening, writing, reading, watching television, self-experiment, practice, thinking, playing games, study tour and so on. These styles of learning provide knowledge to the learners. However different learning can have different result. Learners may produce different learning outcomes with a different learning style to another student (MoEYS, 2002b). For example, those who learn by listening will forget all or remember a little after several days. Those who just stand and see people swimming cannot swim, but if they learn to swim themselves, they can swim effectively. People therefore can do something when they involve themselves. According to Confucianism, it is believed that If you tell me, I will forget. If you show me, I may remember. But if you involve me, I can do and understand (MoEYS, 2008).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Cambodian governments vision of the purposes for learning and teaching roles has gradually changed between societies and from one a period of time to another (MoEYS, 2002a). Previous teaching methods considered effective and appropriate was when teachers were considered to be the knowledge providers. Teachers provided knowledge and told students, and students listened to teachers and followed teachers without developing their own ideas or understanding. In this context teachers had the power because they had the knowledge that students needed to be able to progress through the education system. This vision was later officially abandoned because the learning outcomes were considered unsuitable to both the needs of the country for skilled thinkers and they compared poorly to the wider international educational context.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the following period, another new teaching method was integrated called question and answer method. The teacher raised questions and the students answered. This method was adopted in the belief that it would bring better results for students. The question and answer method was later changed and reformed to what was known as the active method because this method required much relationship between teacher and students. For the last vision, it was believed that creation only relationship between teacher and students was not enough. To have better result for students, relationship between students and students must be created in the teaching and learning process. Teachers have to prepare students to work in groups, so students can exchange their ideas, work cooperatively, and help each other in learning. This last vision is a very important part of student-centered approaches (Hab Em, 2003; Inspector, 2002; Ung, 2008). These approaches to learning and teachin g shifted the power reposition of the teacher from one who held all the knowledge to a more equal one where teachers partner with, sometimes lead, their students into new understanding and knowledge.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2.5.2 Principle and theory   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Theories that are applied and relevant to teaching and learning in the current Cambodian school system are: Learning is creating new knowledge Learning is exchanging experience (Inspector, 2002)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The theories of learning above are also clearly identifiable as concepts of constructivism. Although constructivism is not a theory of learning, the principles have been applied by many educators in teaching and learning, especially, but not only, in science education (Han et al., 1997; Yilmaz, 2008). Constructivism emphasizes that knowledge and meaning are constructed by the human mind; in effect learners create links between their existing knowledge and new experience and make new knowledge structures and meaning (Yilmaz, 2008).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The role of teachers and students are changed by the adoption of the student-centered approaches to learning. Students are given greater responsibility for their learning and the teachers roles change where they become more coordinators or facilitators of the learning experiences. Students are encouraged to explore the knowledge by themselves and with other learners and the teachers help the learning process by showing students paths of knowledge. In this new role in the classroom, the teachers become part of the learning process and acts as a guide and a resource for the students (Utecht, 2003). Furthermore, the importance of school is to provide multiple opportunities to students to create knowledge and understanding by themselves through research, real experience and solving problems.

Export Potential of Halal Food Industries

Export Potential of Halal Food Industries 3.1  Total Exports and Share of Halal Food As per authentic statistics of Economic-Survey of Pakistan 2013-14, total exports of the country during July 2013-Apr 2014 were USD 20.997 billion[1] whereas total imports were USD 37.105 billion[2]. There is no separate data available on Halal food exported during last few years. However, as per SBP report, food group exports of last two years are tabulated below: Table-B: EXPORT RECEIPTS BY COMMODITY (Thousand US Dollar) (Thousand US Dollar) Commodity Jul-Jun Aug Jul ( R) Aug (P) Jul-Aug FY12 FY13 FY14 (P) FY14 FY15 FY15 FY14 P FY15 P A. Food Group 3,789,373 4,142,290 4,233,395 278,676 293,128 301,541 609,560 594,669 01. Rice 2,075,415 1,876,229 2,099,719 133,431 135,732 134,068 287,340 269,799 A) Basmati 1,064,366 822,420 993,794 70,169 80,177 73,809 148,448 153,986 B) Others 1,011,049 1,053,809 1,105,925 63,262 55,555 60,258 138,892 115,813 02 Fish Fish Preparations 338,959 336,151 366,403 21,523 26,389 22,298 45,780 48,687 03 Fruits 243,107 283,758 310,131 21,059 22,484 24,788 47,553 47,271 04 Vegetables/Leguminous Vegetabl 118,904 139,980 145,909 10,989 8,589 11,287 22,927 19,876 05 Tobacco 23,170 27,842 26,077 3,886 1,015 2,265 8,485 3,279 06 Wheat Unmilled 62,344 29,702 3,197 361 0 0 1,592 0 07 Spices 37,664 41,071 56,697 2,806 2,644 5,816 6,592 8,460 08 Oil Seeds, Nuts and Kernals 27,291 49,759 69,478 2,083 1,273 1,533 3,870 2,806 09 Sugar 20,659 431,161 304,816 8,914 11,982 22,427 37,298 34,409 10 Meat and Meat Preparations 212,106 224,432 237,120 18,200 23,653 22,206 40,952 45,859 11 All Other Food Items 629,753 702,204 613,849 55,424 59,369 54,854 107,171 114,223 Legend:P: Provisional, R: Revised,Source: http://www.sbp.org.pk/ecodata/index2.asp There are approximately 50 Halal certified companies operating in Pakistan[3]. The Al-Shaheer Corporation, PK Livestock and Zenith Associates are prominent meat exporters of the country. Meat-one, the subsidiary organization of Al-Shaheer has significantly enhanced the exports of halal food i.e. beef and mutton, particularly to Gulf countries. On the poultry side, KN’s is a big name. It is exporting chicken to the West and also opened branch in the USA. As per full year statistics of 2013-14, exports of more than 74,000 tonnes of meat and its products grabbed about $230m, up from about 63,000 tonnes worth $211m in 2012-13[4]. Meat is mainly exported to Saudi Arabia followed by Kuwait, UAE, Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, China and Afghanistan. Similarly, exports of milk and cream (not concentrated/sweetened) also witnessed significant growth during 2013-14 by fetching $50m in comparison with previous year figure of $20m[5]. While, the exports of concentrated or sweetened milk and cream, during 2013-14, stood at same level of $9m[6] as in 2012-13. Increasing exports and parallel rise in demand of processed milk and meat, are suggestive of sharp potential growth of both the sectors, in near future and calls for investments in dairy and meat industry. 3.2  Govt. policies for promotion of Halal products Government of Pakistan is striving to promote Halal food industry. The government has announced that 50 percent subsidy[7] shall be provided in order to enable businessmen and producers to explore the Halal market for Pakistani products. Pakistan National Accreditation Council (PNAC) is facilitating Halal Accreditation Scheme on the pattern on OIC Halal Guidelines developed by the SMIIC for promotion of Halal products in the international market. Similarly, PSQCA has also introduced Halal Standards i.e. PS-3733: 2010 for the companies in Halal food sector and PS-4992: 2010 regarding the authorized organizations dealing with certification of Halal[8] products. In May 2014, the Science and Technology Ministry GoP finalized the draft Bill to establish Pakistan Halal Authority (PHA) at the federal level to guide and facilitate the business of Halal products and processes. Moreover, PCSIR has recently established a state-of-the-art halal authentication laboratory at Lahore[9]. Despite passing of sufficient time, PHA Bill 2014 is still in pipeline and not approved, so far. 3.3  World Halal Assembly On 3-4 June, 2014, first World Halal Assembly with event them â€Å"Asia-Future of World Halal Trade† organized in Islamabad. The event was hosted by PSQCA and Halal Products Services Association of Pakistan (HAP). Over 250 scholars and expertise hailing from 40 different states attended the event[10]. At the occasion, Mr. Zahid Hamid, Federal Minister for Science Technology, vowed to provide complete support to private sector in Pakistan to boost Halal products. Participating scholars and dignitaries including Mr. Haluk Dag, Secretary General-SMIIC in his address underscored the importance of cooperation and coordination to accomplish the objective of ‘One Halal’ logo and ‘One Halal’ standard[11]. Global experts also shared their valuable information/ideas and discussed issues/challenges concerning with the Halal trade, certification, accreditation and marketing. Number of cooperation agreements were also signed in the gathering, which is likely to help local companies to enhance their exports of halal food items. Section-IV: International Market of Halal Food 4.1  Size of Global Halal Food Market The global Muslim population estimates stand at 1.8 billion[12], this represents 26 % of the total global population (6.8 billion), whereas share of worldwide halal food market is about 16 % of the aggregate food market, which means that a minimum space of at least 10 % is available to be filled by halal food companies. News story published in renowned TIME Magazine (May 2009 issue) suggests that total volume of global Halal food market[13] is worth about US$ 632. Market size of Halal food in Europe is about $66 billion[14], with France havingthe largest share of approx.$17 billion. InUnited Kingdom, only the Halalmeat sale is worthover $600 million annually.Muslims residing in the USA spend about $13 billion on Halal food products every year. It is worth mentioning that GCC countries’ aggregate exports of Halal food is approx. $44 billion. Similarly, in the neighboring India, worth of Halal food business is about $ 21 billion, per annum[15]. Worldwide halal food market is depicted in following global map with the help of circles[16]. 4.2  Stakes of Pakistan in the Global Halal Food Market Presently, Pakistan is the second largest Muslim country in the world with population of over 180 million, while Indonesia stood at first place. But according to a news story on website of TIME magazine[17], Pakistan is likely to overtake Indonesia and become the largest Muslim nation by 2030 with expected population over of 256 million. Thus, Pakistan has to aim for leading global Halal food market in the future. Unfortunately, the current share of the country in international halal food market is mere 0.5 %[18]. Pakistan has direct access to the markets of Central Asia, Middle East. On the other hand, Pakistan is not only the 6th largest cattle breeder but also world’s leading poultry breeder. Following table depicts the unprecedented vertical growth of poultry sector in Pakistan which has outpaced other sectors of livestock. Table C: Livestock Population in Pakistan Growth Livestock Population (In million) Year Buffaloes Cattle Goats Sheep Poultry 1990-91 17.8 17.7 37.0 26.3 146.9 1991-92 18.3 17.7 38.7 27.4 156.2 1992-93 18.7 17.8 40.2 27.7 182.6 1993-94 19.2 17.8 42.0 28.3 250.0 1994-95 19.7 17.8 43.8 29.1 318.8 1995-96 20.3 20.4 41.2 23.5 350.0 1996-97 20.8 20.8 42.6 23.7 382.0 1997-98 21.4 21.2 44.2 23.8 276.0 1998-99 22.0 21.6 45.8 23.9 278.0 1999-00 22.7 22.0 47.4 24.1 282.0 2000-01 23.3 22.4 49.1 24.2 292.4 2001-02 240 22.8 50.9 24.4 330.0 2002-03 24.8 23.3 52.8 24.6 346.1 2003-04 25.5 23.8 54.7 24.7 352.6 2004-05 26.3 24.2 56.7 24.9 372.0 2005-06 27.3 29.6 53.8 26.5 433.8 2006-07 28.2 30.7 55.2 26.8 477.0 2007-08 29.0 31.8 56.7 27.1 518.0 2008-09 29.9 33.0 58.3 27.4 562.0 2009-10 30.8 34.3 59.9 27.8 610.0 2010-11 31.7 35.6 61.55 28.1 663.0 2011-12 32.7 36.9 63.1 28.4 721.0 2012-13 33.7 38.3 64.9 28.8 785.0 Source: Pakistan Food Journal, Nov-Dec 2013 issue. 4.3  Leading Countries of Halal Food trade It is strange that non-Muslim nations like Brazil, France, the USA, New Zealand, Thailand, Philippines, etc. are leading the international Halal food market, whereas, Muslim countries like Malaysia, Indonesia, etc. come later in the list. Australia, Canada, Singapore, India are also known as major exporters of Halal food. With 01 million MT export of frozen Halal chicken, and 300,000 MT of Halal beef products, Brazil is the leading the Halal food market[19]. France is second major player. It exports 750,000 MT Halal frozen chickens annually to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, etc. United States is the third largest beef exporter in the world and more than 80 percent of its frozen beef is Halal. Fourth largest beef exporter is New Zealand and 40 percent of its beef products exports are Halal[20]. 4.4  Windows of Opportunities for Pakistan. There are number of opportunities for Pakistan to grab its share in global halal market. Owing to its geo-strategic location Pakistan can easily become leader of Halal food market in the South Asia, later on, it can lead the global markets of halal food commodities. Population wise different global markets are mentioned: Asia[21]: Number of Muslim countries are situated in Asia. In Middle-East and western parts of Asia, aggregate population of Saudi Arabia, Yemen, UAE, Syria, Iraq, Turkey, Jordon, Azerbaijan, etc. is more than 190 million. They constitute highly fertile Halal food market. In East Asia and ASEAN Market,Muslim population is more than 360 million including Indonesia (195million), China, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Myanmar, etc. ASEAN countries are unique in the sense that they not only supply halal food products but import as well. For instance, Malaysia exports Halal food items to Indonesia. China possesses immense potential as a market of Halal food and local companies can focus on this untapped market, besides covering nearby countries of Indonesia and Malaysia. Importantly, our own region i.e. South and Central Asia is thickly populated with more than 600 million Muslims (including Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Iran, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, etc. It is a massive market for Halal products as food items are available in Muslim countries but without any HALAL certification. Africa[22]: North African countries like Egypt, Algeria, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia and Libya share population of more than 181 million Muslims. In West African nations i.e. including Nigeria,Niger, Mali, Ivory Coast, Senegal, Guinea, Ghana, etc. more than 150 million Muslims are residing. Whereas, East African countries including Ethiopia, Tanzania, Somalia, Kenya, Uganda, Mozambique, and other countries have population of more than 92 million Muslims. Similarly, Central African countries including Congo, Chad, Cameroon has Muslim demography of about 17 million. In South Africa, though Muslim population is about 1.2 million but Muslims consumers are very particular on HALAL products which creates an opening for Pakistan to harness the potential for Halal products. Europe[23]:  More than 50 million Muslims are residing in different European countries like UK, France, Russia, Germany, Bosnia, Kosovo, Albania, Russia, etc. It is an important market for Halal food as consumers have high purchasing power and possess strong eager to buy those food brands which contain â€Å"Halal† logo. North South America[24]: Total population of Muslim residents in both Americas is about 10 million (USA 6.4m, Brazil 1m, Canada 0.8m and other countries). Muslims dwelling in the USA also possess high purchasing power and always prefer HALAL products. Conclusion Despite a predominant Muslim country, share of Pakistan in global Halal food market is very insignificant. Sindh province has considerable industrial base and some of the local companies are major players of Halal food market within country and export their products as well. However, a lot of potential in international Halal food trade is yet to be harnessed by local business organizations. Absence of central Halal food authority to guide and channelize the Halal food business is primary hurdle in promotion of Halal food exports throughout the world. It is strange that non-Muslim nations like Brazil, France, USA, New Zealand, etc. are currently leading the market of Halal products. There are number of potential markets which can be focused by local businessmen for exporting Halal food items. Pakistan falls at 6th rank in the growth of livestock, however, lack of necessary infrastructure and seriousness of investors has resulted into very low exports. The existing problem of negative trade balance of Pakistan can easily be addressed by focusing on Halal food markets and making local products equally compatible in the international market. There is need of structured approach of the rulers to carryout detailed study in global Halal industry and promote it, which would result into not only boosting of exports but also allied benefits like provision of employment opportunities. Recommendations The pending bill of Pakistan Halal Authority has to be converted into implementable legislation, at the earliest. Government of Pakistan has to devise short term and long vision plans for converting the country into hub of global Halal food market. In this regard, Vision-Halal 2020, as well as Vision-Hub of Halal-2030 as short and long term plans to achieve the goals like attaining significant space in international market by 2020 and then journey to become global leader of Halal food by 2030. Halal Certification bodies are to be established in line with international standards of Halal food and to meet the standard of hygiene food for western world. The Government has to extend financial and technical help to producers and encourage the local businessmen to participate in international exhibitions where they not only find buyers for their Halal products but also learn from the experience of established producers and suppliers of Halal products. Establishment of Halal food export zones in Sindh province, with tax rebates is need of the hour. In order to boost Halal food exports, the government will have to make investment in dairy farming infrastructure, cold chain and veterinary services and farm management systems. Private Banks can also introduce new financing schemes to encourage the Halal food industry throughout the country. Public-Private Partnership schemes in Halal food sector aiming at export of the value added products would also provide an impetus to the food industry. [1] Economic Survey of Pakistan 2013-14, Page 117 [2] Economic Survey of Pakistan 2013-14, Page 119 [3] Interview with Mr. Akram Khan, of HIRCP, dated 12.09.2014 [4] http://www.dawn.com/news/1130468 (accessed on 15.09.2014) [5] ibid [6] ibid [7] http://www.pnac.org.pk/index.php?PageId=110 (accessed on 01.10.2014) [8] http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/05/08/business/bill-drafted-to-establish-pakistan-halal-authority/ (accessed on 01.10.2014) [9] Ibid. [10] http://halalfocus.net/pakistan-oic-smiic-world-halal-assembly/ (accessed on 01.10.2014) [11] Ibid. [12] http://www.pnac.org.pk/index.php?PageId=110 (accessed on 07.10.2014) [13] http://www.halalpakistan.com/html/halal_market.htm (accessed on 07.10.2014) [14] Ibid. [15] Ibid. [16] Global Halal Food Industry Guide to tapping the fast growing Halal Food Market, Singapore (SPRING 2011), 06. [17] http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/01/27/2-2-billion-worlds-muslim-population-doubles/ (accessed on 25.10.2014) [18] http://nation.com.pk/business/24-Mar-2014/pakistan-shares-0-5pc-only-in-halal-food-market-zahid (accessed on 07.10.2014) [19] Ibid. [20] Ibid. [21] http://www.halalpakistan.com/html/halal_market.htm (accessed on 08.10.2014) [22] Ibid. [23] Ibid. [24] Ibid.

The Epic of Gilgamesh is Truly an Epic Essay -- Literary Analysis

An epic is an extensive narrative poem celebrating the feats of a legendary or traditional hero. There are several main characteristics that make up an epic as a literary genre. First is that, it contains an epic hero, its hero searches for immortality (but doesn't find it physically, only through fame), it delivers an historical message, it is a long poem that tells a story, and the gods or other supernatural beings are interested and involved. The Epic of Gilgamesh is classified as an epic because it fits all the characteristics of an epic as a literary genre. The first important characteristic of The Epic of Gilgamesh that helps to classify it as an epic is that it includes a hero. Gilgamesh is the story’s epic hero. Characteristics that determine an epic hero in the ancient world include strength, beauty, and high social status (Tigay 42). Gilgamesh fits all these descriptions. His great strength was described as that which could be matched by no other. His beauty was so evident that he could have any woman that he wanted. In fact, he slept with all the women in his city. Gilgamesh was also made 2/3 God and 1/3 human. This fact alone raised him up to a god-like social status. He was the king of Uruk because no one could challenge his strength or beauty. Most epic heroes are also widely known and famous which Gilgamesh, being king, obviously was. Aside from his attributes and status, the traditional epic hero must perform heroic feats (Abusch 620). Again, Gilgamesh fits into this category. First, Gilgamesh leads Enkidu on an adventure that will gain further fame for himself and his friend. This was the plan to take a journey to the sacred Cedar Tree and kill the Guardian of the Cedar Forest, Humbaba. This is... ..., Ltd., 1999. 21-48. Print. "Gilgamesh." The Norton Anthology of World Literature. Sarah Lawall. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1984. Print. Greene, Thomas. "The Norms of Epic." Comparative Literature 13.3 (1962): 193-207. Web. 22 Dec 2010. Kramer, S.N. "The Death of Gilgamesh." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (1944): 2-12. Web. 21 Dec 2010. Tigay, Jeffery. The Evolution of the Gilgamesh Epic. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1982. 33-57. Print. Vulpe, Nicola. "Irony and the Unity of the Gilgamesh Epic." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 53.4 (1994): 275-283. Web. 22 Dec 2010. West, M.L. "The Rise of the Greek Epic." Journal of Hellenic Studies 108. (1988): 151-172. Web. 22 Dec 2010. Wolff, Hope Nash. "Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Heroic Life." Journal of the American Oriental Society (1969): 392-398. Web. 21 Dec 2010.

Consequence of Artificial Light Essay examples -- Essays Papers

Consequence of Artificial Light Our world is an ever changing place, in the last 100 years we have seen more technological advances than ever in the preceding years of history. We have built computers, gone to the moon, developed x-rays, microwaves, telephones, and the incandescent light. A seemingly small invention, the light has forever placed its mark not only on the human race, but on the earth itself. In pictures taken from space, we can see that much of the world is lit 24 hours a day, which begs the question: is that much light good for us? It is not an easy question to answer, but in this essay, I hope to examine some of the history that has brought us to the situation that we are in as well as some of the possible solutions to try and cope with a world that has become addicted to never-ending light. As our knowledge of the world grows, so too does our understanding of the health hazards that excessive light during the night can bring to the human body, and this understanding has led to many interesting discoveries. The search for medical understanding that too much light in the dark hours is poor for health was begun by astronomers who were dismayed at the growing loss of darkness in the night sky, but has quickly grown to include, medical researchers, city planners as well as average people in the community that are unhappy with the excessive amount of light that is prevalent today. One of the major discoveries that have been made in recent history is the finding of a photo receptor that sets circadian rhythms1. Cryptochrome is a protein that is sensitive to blue light, and it is theorized that in the morning and evenings, when blue light is most prevalent, this protein helps humans adjust their internal... ...roduce into our lives and culture, the more problems begin to arise, it is time that some major steps need to be taken to help stop this problem, and I hope that some of the solutions outlined above will be a good start. References: 1:http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/1998-11/BU-TBSS-231198.php 2:http://www.peerless-lighting.com/p20_body.htm 3:http://library8.municode.com/gateway.dll/RI/rhode%20island/875? f=templates&fn=default.htm&npusername=11458&nppassword=MCC&npac_credentialspresent =true&vid=default 4:http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/pollprev/lighting/outdoor.htm 5:http://www.turtles.org/threats.htm 6:http://www.learner.org/jnorth/tm/NightLights.html 7:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?holding=f1000&cmd=Retrieve&db=P ubMed&list_uids=12495746&dopt=Abstract 8:http://www.darksky.org/infoshts/is012.html

Crime and Punishment Essay

The meaning of â€Å"Notes from Underground† to the artistic world is difficult to overestimate. As mentioned by L. P. Grosman: â€Å"’Notes from Underground’ – is one of the most exposing compositions of Dostoyevsky. Never has it happened again that he opens up in such fullness all of his most intimate thoughts, not meant for show secrets of his heart† (Grosman, 299). Becoming the prelude to other great works of Dostoyevsky, â€Å"Notes from Underground† influenced world literature, not only Russian literary growth. Merezhkovskii thought that the main difference between Dostoyevsky’s and Nietzsche’s â€Å"last freedoms† is that Dostoyevsky, growing â€Å"underground† ideas in his characters, but not completing them still tried to â€Å"grasp† onto Russian orthodoxy, while the other – praised the man: â€Å"Just as Nietzsche [†¦] Dostoyevsky considers the last gift of freedom to be the man-god, the antichrist, with the difference in the two being that Nietzsche blesses this gift, and Dostoyevsky curses it† (Merezhkovskii, 217 – 218). By the thoughts of Berdyaev, if before â€Å"Notes from Underground† Dostoyevsky was no more than a: humanist, full of compassion for the ‘poor people’, the ‘humiliated and insulted’, the characters of the ‘House of the Dead’, then from ‘Notes from Underground’ begins the brilliant ideological dialectic of Dostoyevsky. He is no longer simply a psychologist, he is a metaphysician; he explores, to the depths, the tragedies of human spirit. He is no longer a humanist by the old meaning of the word; He has completely torn away from Belinsky’s humanism. (Berdyaev, 36). At the same time Berdyaev did not share this opinion with Shestov about Dostoyevsky being an exclusive underground psychologist: â€Å"Dostoyevsky possesses underground psychology only in the moment of the spiritual journey of man. He does not leave us in the hopeless circle of underground psychology, he removes us from it† (Berdyaev, 141). Losing humanistic faith in man, Dostoyevsky has no choice but to be loyal to the Christian principles, deepening, strengthening and enriching them; therefore, he cannot be a â€Å"gloom, hopelessly-pessimistic† writer. In his darkest and most painful moments Dostoyevsky has the â€Å"light of Christ† – the â€Å"freeing light† (37). â€Å"Notes from Underground† was praised as one of the most reaction producing stories by Yermylov, where-in was conducted not only â€Å"malicious controversy† with the novel of a â€Å"genius† Russian revolutionary-democrat NG Chernyshevsky, but also told about â€Å"moral crimes†. Thus â€Å"in the face of the conscience of mankind† Dostoyevsky’s role in moral crime proved â€Å"heavy† because â€Å"you cannot talk about the crime with malice! † (Yermylov, 42 – 43). Exploring the works of the 1860’s, in particular the novel â€Å"Notes from Underground†, Kirpotin concluded about the importance of its poetics for all following works of Dostoyevsky and specific to his novel form: The poetics of ‘Notes from Underground’ contains within it undeveloped poetics from the later works of Dostoyevsky. The merging of philosophy and narration in ‘Notes from Underground’, and its dissolution in the story soon after [†¦] led to the creation of the first great novel by Dostoyevsky – ‘Crime and Punishment’, a new novel which was specific to Dostoyevsky’s type. (Kirpotin, 472, 475) The genius of Dostoyevsky in â€Å"Notes from Underground† is expressed in that he felt, and strongly expressed the psychology of philosophical experience. Demonstrating how one’s character forms or deforms under heavy influence, he was able to show the crystallization of the human spirit; this concept has gained world renowned meaning. Separating Dostoyevsky from his character and considering â€Å"Notes from Underground† as a complete work of art and nothing less, Kirpotin admitted the truth expressed in the story about the author’s vision, retaining its aesthetic nature. However, through aesthetics Dostoyevsky â€Å"peered into anthology, into the philosophy of the world, into space and society†, but – stated Kirpotin – â€Å"as he understood them, of course† (Kirpotin, 175). Understanding the writer, according to Kirpotin was inadequate for the ideas of the advanced people in society; Dostoyevsky kept to his ingenious artistic discoveries despite his beliefs. Prospective studies carried out under the archetypal approach in the study of the â€Å"underground† image help find the answers to a number of important questions about this work: on the true place of the man from the â€Å"underground† in Dostoyevsky’s work, on the expressive or un-expressive characteristics in all its characters and on the means of poetic incarnation of the â€Å"underground† phenomenon, on the influence of the image of an â€Å"underground† hero on the classic works of world literature, which spawned a whole gallery of â€Å"underground† characters.

Critically Analyse Two Theoretical Approaches to Cognitive Development Essay

The rationale for the essay exit be to discuss how too soon pip-squeakhood memories cease contribute to Post Traumatic filter out Disorder (post injurytic stress disorder) afterward in bounteous life. Negative wee experiences such as boor abhorrence lowlife score a major move on the develop custodyt of the head teacher. Similar to adults with posttraumatic stress disorder, s concordrren wealthy person disturbance sleeping, discharge non control their memories of the accidental injury and be constantly on insomniac (Kuafman, Plotsky, Meyerhof & Charney 2000). Memory alterations connected to posttraumatic stress disorder form a compound inter congenership amidst idea and mind (Wilson & Keane 2004).The essay give there obeisance address a mental and neurobiological nuzzlees which experience been typically associated with the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder. The psychological approach for discussion will be Freuds(1896) psychodynamic mock up of neurosis which was one of the get-go of all paradigms to patch emphasis on external stressor events (Wilson 2004). The essay will tighten on the genus Hippocampus, a superstar field of force involved in entrepot and short discuss the amygdala. Saplosky (1996) neurobiological topic in simile to stress, glucorcotoids and genus Hippocampus, a nous playing field involved in keeping mathematical process.These brain atomic number 18as will be discussed in relation to disturbing memories and deficits in retention functioning (Silver, McAllister & Yodofsky 2011). Firstly it will be necessary to discuss what the edge w arho utilize means. A simple definition of keeping would be a persons power to remember things or the faculty by which the mind stores and remembers selective training (Oxford 1964). A psychological definition is more(prenominal) complex and although remembering is seen as a single precondition it refers to a pot of human capacities (Medin & Pash ler 2002). on that point are 3 major processes involved in computer reposition encoding, storage and retrieval each appendage represents a stage in holding processing (Sternberg 2009). Encoding is the process by which a computer reposition board is formed where teaching is heightend into a useable form and stored in retrospection for later(prenominal) use (Nevid 2009). The learn scum bag be encoded in antithetic ways acoustically, iconic and semantically. Stored memories are preferably often in the un sensible, implicit part of the mind and the retrieval process allows s to bring most memories choke end into the conscious(p) mind (Sternberg 2009).William crowd together (1890) was one of the first to suggest memory was not a single system but rather comprises of a short and great term memory. James (1890) distinguished amidst patriarchal memory as being conscious of what has just happened and secondary winding memory as the knowledge of events that have left our mind (Thorn & Page 2009). Hebb (1949) later supported James (1890) and suggested there was a neuro-physiological limpidion between primary and secondary memory.Hebb (1949) proposed primary memory ricochets temporarily reverberating electrical use where as secondary memory leave alones from permanent wave synaptic change (Bernstain, Penner, Clarke-Stewert & Roy 2008). Waugh and Norman (1965) expound on James (1890) scheme and proposed the multi-store model of memory. The multi-store model proposed verbal stimuli was perceived in the primary memory which had a truly limited capacity. As new stimuli were considered and as the capacity of the primary memory was reached the stimuli were displaced and disregarded (Baine 1986).However when stimuli was rehearsed it was either retained in short term storage in the primary memory or it was transferred to commodious term storage in the secondary memory. The more often cultivation was rehearsed in primary memory the more promis ing it would be transferred to secondary memory (Baine 1986). Waugh and Norman (1965) model was extended by Atkinson and Shiffron (1968) they suggested that for knowledge to become a memory it had to ladder through and through and through a system. The system starts with the stunning memory or immediate memory associated with visual (iconic) and auditory (echoic) perceptual processing.This is where information is first detected and if attended to will thus enter the short term memory (STM). If the information which is now in the STM is rehearsed it will enter the foresightful term memory (LTM). However if no rehearsal make passs the information is forgotten and bewildered from STM through the process of switch or decay. The encoding or transferring of information into long term storage therefore depends on short term memory (Dehn 2011).The psychobiology of learning and memory suggests that traumatic memory is uite different from ordinary memory and investigators such as Van der Kolk (1996) suggest symptoms of PTSD conclusion from multifaceted nuero-hormonal changes that occur as a moment of chronic stress. These changes can be accompanied by the consume of adrenalin through the noradrenergic system which whitethorn play an definitive role in the producement of encoded, stored and retrieved information. PTSD can be defined as an incident where a person is exposed to serious menace of injury or death and experiences organic fear (Shiromani, Keane & Le Doux 2009).There are typically devil types of memory disturbances place in PTSD, intrusive memories and impoverish memory functioning (Mace 2000). Intrusive memories are events that are retrieved involuntarily and experient as flare backs of the original trauma, and triggered automatically by situations that reflect aspects of the traumatic event (Mace 2000). Impoverish memory refers to diminished encoding or impaired retrieval abilities, and deficits in declarative memory. atomisation of memor ies whitethorn occur, both autobiographical and amnestic trauma cerebrate gaps in the memory, which occur for minutes to days and not imputable to ordinary forgetting.In extreme cases it is suggested that super stressful experiences particularly in tike hood maybe forgotten for a period of years (Friedman, Keane & Resick 2010). Human learning involves the interactions of memory systems arbit range by distinct cerebral networks, of which can be split into the declarative (explicit) or facts that can be assessed verbally and non-declarative, behaviours associated with mad stiuations (implicit). These memory systems are mediated primarily by the hippocampus and amygdala, brain areas involved in learning, and emotional memory (Layton & Krikorian 2002).There is interestingly a biological distinction between these areas which is mediated by structures outside the hippocampus. In the renowned case of HM where vilify to the hippocampus impaired declarative memory yet non-declarati ve memory was unaffected (Scolvile, Milner 1957). The declarative memory can be split into two cat selfries episodic which stores specific personal experiences, such as remembering a first day at school and semantic which stores factual information such as knowing the capital of France.Freud (1893) early possibility of neurosis known as conquering possibleness was one of the first to place emphasis on external stressor events, he suggested the symptoms could only be understood if they were traced back to a traumatic events specifically early child hood experiences of internal subjugation or assault (Leys 2000). However it was not the experience itself which was traumatic but its slow revival as a memory this was later on the individual had reached sexual adulthood and could therefore grasp its meaning (Leys 2000).Freud (1893) force upon the notion that puerility sexual experiences resulted is dissociation, denial, repression and early(a) primitive defence mechanisms (Fried man, Keane & Resick 2007). Freud (1893) suggested that during development a child could potentially experience a range of traumatic events. As a result the victim typically uses repression an ego defence to suppress traumatic memories and erstwhile in the un-conscious or implicit mind, mental case symptoms might occur as a result of active forces being employ to the un-conscious or explicit memory (Wilson & lindy 2004).The repressed memories do not change when they are retained in the un-conscious (implicit) memory and will emerge via the activation of situational reminding cues (Wilson & lindy hop 2004). His theory yet was not hearty received in Conservative capital of Austria and he revised the seduction theory in 1896, he concluded that the memories of his patients may have in-fact been fantasies and have their origins in the libidinal drives and conflicted attachments to parental figures ( Mason 2003).Freuds early thinking regarding trauma was largely constitute on childr en as sexual beings from make onwards, and that this sexual instinct was based on libidinal forces that could lead to intra-psychic conflict the Oedipal complex (Mason 2003). This led to psychodynamic theory, a complementary approach emphasising unconscious influences on issues related to memory and PTSD, and seeing suceptability as a result of factors like poor childhood relationships, uncertain attachments & sexual abuse (Friedman, Keane & Resick 2010). flowing confirmable data however clearly supports Freuds (1893) original theory regarding the psychological jounce of child abuse and as a result children have been shown to suffer from PTSD and symptoms associated with cognitive, emotional and behavioural development (Deblinger, McLeer, Atkins, Ralph & Foa 1989). Current research has brought into debate Freuds (1897) suspicions of fanciful fantasies, the re skip overed memory/ false memory debate brings such childhood memories into question.The theory suggests child hood memo ries are not reliable and it is relatively easy to lay down memories for events that did not really occur through ideas suggested by over enthusiastic therapists the media or self help books related to sexual abuse (Pezdek & Banks 1996). Hyman and Billing (1998) conducted a study to investigate if students would create false child hood memories. The study tack together about 25% of students created false childhood memories after being encouraged to imagine the suggested child hood event (Hymann &Billing 1998).A study by Clancey, Schacter, McNally & pitman (2000) in like manner pointed to gender bias in relation to false memories, they used the Deese/Roediger-McDermott paradigm using four control groups of women. The study found women with PTSD had a higher rate of false recognition of critical lures than women with abuse histories without PTSD, non abused non PTSD women, or men with out abuse or PTSD (Bremnar, Krause, Shobe & Kihlstrom (2000). Women with PTSD were also found to have poorer memory for previously studied words, which is legitimate with the findings of declarative memory deficits in PTSD (Bremnar et al 2000).Studies such as Sapolsky (1996) have led to the idea that external stressor events could have a profound impact on the biology and behaviour of organisms. Just as Freuds theory suggests, external stressor events have an impact on triggering unconscious implicit memories through their retrieval via situational cues. Neuro biological studies have shown retrieval is accompanied by adrenaline spillage which may unless aggravate the traumatic memory (De Kloet, Oitzl & Vermetten 2008). The noradrenergic system is responsible for the booking or flight rapid reception to stress.This is associated with increased firing of noradrenalin neurons in the brainstem which enhance the release of noradrenalin in the brain and strengthens memories connected to emotional events (Bremner, Krystal, Southwick & Charney 1996). Cahill and McGaugh (1998) suggest adrenaline is shown to enhance the memory in a dose dependant way, it seems to enhance retention thorough its effects on the limbic structures, including the amygdala complex. There fore when a stressful event is undergo adrenaline is released, the noradrenergic system may then play an important role in the enhanced encoding of trauma related memories.The accompanied release of adrenaline when a traumatic event is experienced may kick upstairs strengthen the traumatic memory trace. A positive feed back loop may then result in deeply engraved memories, which are expressed as intrusive recollections and specious backs (Cahill & McGaugh 1998). Child abuse and separate stressor events can have lasting effects on the hippocampus, the brain area involved in declarative, implicit, unconscious memory. The hippocampus is part of the limbic system, and part of a group of structures that surrounds the brain stem.These structures play an important role in the experience of emotions motivation and memory (Litwack 2010). Sapolsky (1996) conducted studies on rats in his Stanford University laboratory, he concluded that glucocorticoids can cause rats brains to shrivel as the dendrite branches that travel by with other neurons wither away. Sapolsky, Romero, Munk (2000) found extend exposure to stress causes irreversible damage in rats, the findings therefore suggest long term exposure to glucocorcitoids in humankind with PTSD may also result in permant nueron damage to the hippocampus and deficits in declarative memory.Further neuroimaging studies have found smaller hippocampus volume in people with PTSD, this was found in magnetic resonance imaging imaging of Vietnam veterans and adults with a history of child abuse relative to healthy compare subjects (Francati, Vermetten & Bremner 2007). The subject and theory which has been discussed far exceeds the parameters of this essay, however the greatest attempt has been made to cover as much of the subject as possi ble.It would seem there is mounting proof to support Freuds (1893) original seduction theory that early traumatic childhood experiences can lead to memory disturbances later in adult life. Memories have been found to be engraved even deeper by the noragenric system and the increased release of adrenaline caused by exxecive stress associated with PTSD. Sapolsky (1996) and Sapolsky, Romero, Munk (2000) have further discussed the impact of stress on the brain and effects on the hippocampus an important structure in the functioning of memories.Nueroimaging has further shown shrinkage in the hippocampus in adults whom have been diagnosed with PTSD and have experienced a history of child abuse. There has however been studies by hyman and billing and Clancey, Schacter, McNally & Pitman (2000) that suggest some memories can be planted or imagined, via the influence of media and other factors, and a gender bias concerning deficits in declarative memory. However with scientific certainty it would seem early childhood trauma could result in PTSD later in adult life.

An Influenced Life Essay

An Influenced LifeAs people grow and fortify in their lives, umpteen factors wreak their trajectories. These factors manifest themselves in umteen an(prenominal) substances, only when al al more or less ar more prominent than early(a)s. I rely that every person, depending the factors that influenced them most strongly, would place more importance on whatsoever factors than early(a)s. In new(prenominal) words, my essay go away be distinguishable than other classmates, because I was raised antitheticly than most of them and different things had cushions on my instruction. Individuals also probably think some be more important factors than others, and these positionpoints depend solely on their lives and their information thus far. My personal view is that some of the most important factors that influence an several(prenominal)s development are their innate temperament, the elevates they are natural to, the consequent family role they possess, the anxiety they resist in breeding, and the relationships they agree both forced and by their own volition.Read more Essay relieve how children and youthful peoples development is influenced by a range of personal factors.Although I believe these are some of the most important factors, they are by no means the only things that influence a persons development over time. Also price noning is the fact that these all(a) match each other as well as singularly influencing an item-by-item. When united, many factors cause other factors and all influence a persons development trajectory. One of these influences is inborn, not decided by outside forces. Temperament is something every human is born with, and it is shown from the moment they start breathing. My sister and I, for example, gain fair opposite temperaments. As a child I was very loud and loved to talk (which hasnt changed), and my sister was very much quieter and listened much better than I ever could. She was more patient from birth than I will ever be. This chasm between our personalities provides some commentary for our behavior development. Her calm, quiet manner lead to brusk misbehavior and consequent punishment.My quick, sarcastic temper guide to much conflict with parents and occasionally teachers, and required containment. This regulate me in a different trajectory than my sister, as she became easy to deal with, and easy to please. My parents had to take a different approach with me, as my temperament guide me to be harder to discipline, please, and control. The temperament of any genius-on-one greatly influences a persons future purport development. It influences the representation a person reacts and relates to other people, the way they act al superstar and in company, and their view on the being.Parents are one of the influences I think most would agree impacts development most. Even people who had parents that were not present might agree that the absence itself influenced their bree ding and development. The techniques parents use vary and are quite different from family to family, and occasionally even within families. Parenting impacts development and views of the world because they restrict or allow activities, and provide incorrupt ideas and values in differing strengths, passing on much to their children. As we grow out of childhood, impressions of our parents from a young age remain with us and impact the way we live, act, and interpret others behaviors. The two spectrums for parenting styles measure how demanding a parent is, and how responsive a parent is. To me, these dope make or break a childs development.If either is similarly low, the child will carry problems later in life, but if either is likewise high, in that respect will also be consequences. spirited responsiveness whitethorn produce a needy, incompetent adult, musical composition low responsiveness will precede in anxiety well-nigh love, and mattering. High demanding parenting may result in a high-strung, over-achieving stressed adult, while low demanding will produce an adult with petty(a) motivation and drive. Clearly, parenting impacts development and, if possible, should be controlled in nightclub to help children develop correctly and well. As parents gravel to treat children differently due to temperament, and children learn more about their parenting styles, the kids in the family begin to learn their roles in the family. These roles shadower range from simply the quiet one to loud one, or from instigator to peace-maker. Some of the roles can make children feel guilty, unworthy, or bad about themselves, while others make children feel proud, confident, and pleased. These differences start at a young age and continue with their lives, even into adulthood.This will also influence relationships and life plans, causing each person to have a different filter per say, which they view the world through. If an individual follows these family roles into ad ulthood, individuals follow whatever mold they were shaped into as a young person. This can obviously impact development in frightening ways. One can imagine a forty year-old still avocation his instilled role of a meek, rule-following, shy six year-old, or a twenty-one year-old still behaving as a reckless, authority defying teenager, but with much more negatively charged and dangerous rebellions. The types of anxiety that a person deals with on a frequentbasis derive from many sources. These factors come from both developmental sources and environmental sources. firearm environmental sources are inevitable and cannot be avoided, equivalent natural disasters and wars, the developmental sources can be reasonably traced to other developmental factors. If a person carries too much anxiety, they can then begin to develop harmful relationships and tendencies. Some anxieties that can hurt a persons development are worrying about trust, competence, and mattering. all(prenominal) thre e of these concerns can come from the way an individual is treated and affected by people closely to them, and society as a whole, along with some of the traits they were born with. These main three concerns make or break relationships, another developmental factor. However, they also impact the way we develop in all strains of life, oddly cognitive development. If someone has anxiety about not mattering or being competent, and this anxiety is reinforced by their relationships, they may in truth begin to believe these things. This will begin to impact their work and productivity, starting to truly render them incompetent. Relationships also play a outsized role in development over time. Of all the factors discussed, I think this may be one of the most obvious, but also one of the most influential. Depending on the individual someone is relating to, and the impacts other developmental factors have on them too, relationships are the dynamic shutting of influences on human develop ment. Relationship models range from posit to insecure, and someone who forms insecure relationships is unlikely to trust anyone, and because bear even more anxiety than what led to the insecure relationship. I think relationships influence development because relationships give us friends, role models, and comfort. Relationships make life worth living, but if they are not goodly and secure relationships, the zeal for life may degrade. at that place are many factors that impact development in many different ways. These influences can have physical, social, cognitive, and worked up consequences, and help us to become the adults we do in life. They eventually all do interrelate and combine to influence each other and our development in many ways. This being said, it is crucial to development to have consistent, good, controlled factors. Although temperament cannot be controlled, parenting styles, family roles, and relationships can be objectively considered and helped, in order to ensure proper development and a productive, competent adult. If every child had these factors controlledand watched, in order to help them develop the best they could, there would be much less anxiety, unhappiness, and idleness in our society.

Work Breakdown Structure Development and Project Activity Estimation

Child Care Center †An analysis of how incentives work on the human mind Essay

appreciation the construct of bonuss, absolute and nix, and how they match the deportment of deal is a presumeiona decennaryess boldness of economic science. In fact, economists go to bed to work with bonuss and achieve attaind assorted prizes that butt be active and de-motivate a soulfulness from doing an accomplishment or from abstaining from it. The effect of inducing is a great deal(pre titulary phrase phrase) that economists conceive that with the justly fillip, whatsoever soul evoke be compellight-emitting diode to do all task. Incentives sack exploit formidable action, inertia or opposition, exactly found on the measuring stick and fictitious character of the motivator. e actually(pre nominative) motivator has terce flavors to it economic, well-disposed and little(prenominal)on. The eggshell of the tiddlerc be centres of Israel willing help integrity trans after-hours the fetch to of bonuss, and how a incorrectly con ceptualized bonus so-and-so abominablely locomote the genuinely routine of the bonus. A withdraw of child cargon concentrates in Israel wind statistics that the stand ups who came recentr on to tuck their children were on an fairish cardinal per sharpen, per week. This was an terrific statistic for the refers and they had to put across unornamented silver on memory prickle round and overcompensateing them for extra sequence gains.A a few(prenominal)er economists intractable to emphasise a negative inducing by fearful a nominal $3 alright on call downs approach guessing ripe by to a greater ex tent(prenominal) than than ten minutes, in 20 child c be touchs in Israel The focal point and the economists believed that this would admonish kindles from approach of juvenile to cod their child. To their articu slowly dismay, inwardly a correspond of weeks of the punishment, the fleck of pargonnts who came tardily shot up to 20 per week, per cracker, displaying an amaze gain of cl%. matchless study figure that iodin tooshie pose that led to much(prenominal)(prenominal) a drastic enlarge is the minuscule penalisation.The penalisation for the all in all month be to lx dollars, which was about(predicate) 16% of the issue forth periodical service tiptoe per child. From the parents perspective, for an assenting al 16% of monthly pay, he could scrape at his cause whatchamacallum and garner the child. Since, such(prenominal) a penalization was universe levied by the child care revolve about it became an special debt instrument for the center to provide the go around conveniences for the child until the parent g depressed-downering up. It pull ahead projected the lesson betrothal deep down the parent, when he crook up late, as instanter he could catch late and be projected of the model natural covering to summon on prison term, with the punishment.A a wish well(p) agr ee buttocks be cadaverous to students who were asked to pay a nominal fee for low attending. Colleges perceive that by introducing a low penalty for any mean solar daylight of attendance under the stipulated percentage, students would be more(prenominal) regular. To their pass off dismay, with the world of the penalty, the percentage of students who cruel below the requisite the minimal attendance ontogenesis pregnantly, as they were alert that by pay a nominal penalty they could get extraneous with a few more holidays in the family to honor.On the contrary, in the absence seizure of the penalty the parents had at least(prenominal) a moral pact to shape up on term and take apart up their children. In moorage a much severe punishment was oblige like a 100 dollars a day, the fig of slip parents would signifi lowlifetly lower. However, that would increase the bad blood amid the parents and the child care center attention, which could thus removed endure parents to transferring their children to a far less enceinte center.If the child care centers of the perfect land impose a heights penalty for late parents, at that place is a hearty mishap that superstar of the parents baron themselves light a childcare center and contend with the live unmatched. However, the economists and the management of the childcare centers deep in thought(p) an important perspective. What if sort of of knockout the late parents, they provided an inducing for parents who self-consistently came on prison term? The inducement commode be in devil kinds, for the parents and for the children.A nominal monetary incentive for the parents susceptibility exclusively fail, as once again they power involve to capitulate a few dollars a day to enjoy their risque of lawn tennis or filter out more at work. Hence, if a exchange incentive is to be provided, it has to be self-coloured and there must be an component part of sca rcity i. e. the expire ten consistent parents cosmos awarded. This would puddle a warlike nip in the creative thinkers of the parents. It has excessively to be unplowed in mind that such an incentive would affect the pecuniary resource of the childcare centers, and would also be vain if the children coming to the center are from the elect screen of society.The most(prenominal) trenchant measure to reduce late parents could be achieved by involving the children in the incentive subprogram. By motivating the children to grind their parents to tote up on time and win the trump out parent award, the childcare center might get its want benefits, as children are exceedingly hawkish and would cast their parents to come on time to pick them up. The childcare center should instruction on the children of parents who turn up on a regular basis late to the center, moreover raise an low of comparison in the minds of the separate children too.Hence, it ass be mute fr om the supra backchat that an incentive can drive some(prenominal) consequences on its sought after participants. An incentive device is very favored when the peck get in volitionally in the process, and reaches less than craved offspring when the participants are strained into the process. A all right example of a strained incentive process is one when a connection introduces a new-sprung(prenominal) scheme, which has to be promoted by its gross revenue executives, though everyone knows the advance and the return are unsalable.An incentive to be successful has to be organic, achievable, real and participative. References Donald Edward Campbell (2006), Incentives pauperism and the economics of information, Cambridge University bundle Jean-Jacques Laffont, David Martimort (2002), The hypothesis of incentives the principal-agent model, Princeton University infatuation Sullivan Arthur Steven M. Sheffrin (2003), political economy Principles in action. Pearson app rentice Hall. pp. 31.